Scientists say these mysterious diamonds came from outer space

Professor Andy Tomkins (left) of Monash University with RMIT PhD scientist Alan Salk and a urilite meteorite sample. Credit: RMIT University

Exotic diamonds from an ancient dwarf planet in our solar system may have formed shortly after the dwarf planet collided with a large asteroid about 4.5 billion years ago.

A team of scientists say they have confirmed the presence of lonsdaleite, a rare hexagonal form of diamond, in urelite meteorites from the mantle. dwarf planet.

Lonsdaleite is named after the famous British crystallologist Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, who was the first woman to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Research team – with scientists from Monash UniversityAnd the RMIT . UniversityAnd the CSIROthe Australian synchrotron, and University of Plymouth – I found evidence of how lonsdaleite formed in urelite meteorites. They published their findings on September 12 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study was led by geologist Professor Andy Tomkins of Monash University.

Lonsdaleite, also known as hexagonal diamond in reference to the crystal structure, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice, as opposed to the cubic lattice of traditional diamond. It is named in honor of Kathleen Lonsdale, a crystallologist.

The team predicted that the hexagonal structure of Lonsdalite atoms makes it more difficult than regular diamond, which has a cubic structure, said RMIT professor Dougal McCulloch, one of the senior researchers involved.

“This study conclusively proves that Lonsdalite exists in nature,” said McCulloch, director of the Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility at RMIT.

“We also discovered the largest lonsdalite crystals known to date, which are down to a micron in size – much thinner than a human hair.”

According to the research team, lonsdaleite’s unusual structure could help inform new fabrication techniques for superhard materials in mining applications.

What is the origin of these mysterious diamonds?

McCulloch and his team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ph.D.s. Alan Salk and Dr. Matthew Field, used advanced electron microscopy techniques to capture solid, intact slices of meteorites to create fast snapshots of how ordinary diamonds and diamonds formed.

“There is strong evidence that there is a newly discovered formation process of nesadalites and ordinary diamond, which is similar to the process of supercritical chemical vapor deposition that occurred in these space rocks, possibly on the dwarf planet shortly after a catastrophic collision,” McCulloch said.

“Chemical vapor deposition is one way that people make diamonds in a lab, primarily by growing them in a specialized room.”

Dougal McCulloch, Alan Salk and Andy Tomkins

Professor Dougal McCulloch (left) and PhD researcher Alan Salk of RMIT with Professor Andy Tomkins of Monash University (right) at RMIT’s Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility. Credit: RMIT University

Tomkins said the group suggested that the lonsdaleite in meteorites formed from a supercritical fluid at high temperatures and moderate pressures, almost perfectly preserving the shape and texture of pre-existing graphite.

“Later, Lonsdalite was partially replaced by diamond with the environment cooler and lower pressure,” said Tomkins, a future fellow at ARC in the School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment at Monash University.

And so nature has provided us with a process to try and replicate in industry. We believe that lonsdaleite can be used to make extra-rigid machine parts if we can develop an industrial process that promotes the replacement of preformed graphite parts by lonsdaleite. “

Tomkins said the study’s findings helped address a long-standing puzzle regarding the composition of the carbon phases in urelite.

The power of cooperation

Dr Nick Wilson of CSIRO said the collaboration of technology and experience from the various institutions involved allowed the team to confidently confirm lonsdaleite.

At CSIRO, an electron probe microanalyzer was used to quickly map the relative distribution of graphite, diamond, and Lonsdalite in the samples.

“Individually, each of these techniques gives us a good idea of what this substance is, but if taken together – that’s really the gold standard,” he said.

Reference: “Lonsdaleite sequencing of diamond formation in Ureilite Meteorites via On site Chemical fluid/vapor deposition” by Andrew J. Tomkins, Nicholas C. Wilson, Colin McRae, Alan Salk, Matthew R. Field, Helen E. Brand, Andrew D. Langendam, Natasha R. Stephen, Aaron Turbie, Zanett Pinter, and Lauren A. Jennings and Dougal G. McCulloch, 12 Sep 2022, Available here. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208814119